The Evolution of the Federal Budget Process - 989 Words

Federal spending is necessary for the economy and is essential to the accomplishment of national goals and advancement. This is why a budget is needed, however, there is no actual process mentioned in the Constitution that explains how Congress should do this. The Constitution states: No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time. (U.S. Constitution, Article 1, Section 9). This statement only says that the power has been designated to Congress. It does not stipulate how to use this power nor does it give instructions for the budgeting process. Even as the role of†¦show more content†¦Prior to this, the legislative branch had no way to determine is own spending priorities and had nothing to compare to the President’s budget. The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 also created several other instruments for Congress to use during budgeting. First, the Congressional Budget Office was conceived to provide financial data to Congress. This financial data includes an economic analysis of the President’s budget and its own budget proposal for comparison. Previously, Congress had no choice but to use information from the Office of Management and Budget which was part of the executive branch. After the CBO was created, Congress was liberated from its reliance on the information from the executive branch. Second, it also created the House and Senate budget committees. These committees deliberate over the President’s budget using the CBO’s report as a guideline. They then draft and prepare the budget resolutions for each house. Once again, legislature was used to further define the government budgeting process. It did not, however, include instructions as to how to achieve actual budgeting goals such as a balanced budget or lowered debt. It has failed to set a reform to force hard decisions. Conclusion The separation of power doctrine as well as the checks and balances system have created a culture of restraint between the legislative and executive branches. Each branch’s initial instinct is always to contain theShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Federalism1012 Words   |  5 Pagescontains its power, which includes standard defence and the supremacy clause. Federalism has undergone changes and its part of the American history. The role of national and state governments has also evolved over time. Furthermore, the federal government has been given more mandates in the 21th century. Dual federalism emerged after the Americans got their independence from British rule at the end of World War 2. The Constitution was created, and it provided for two types of governmentRead MoreThe Power Struggle of the States and Federal Government in the United States1536 Words   |  7 Pagespower relationship alternates between states and federal government. Moreover I will also discuss my perspective by weighing the evidence based upon resources. Based on these resources, it will aid me to evaluate the recent development in the federal-state relationship. Theoretically, in a Federal system the sovereignty is shared between the national government and the local government but the ultimate sovereignty lies on the people. The federal government does not have the power to be involvedRead MoreCalifornia Politics And Government : A Practical Approach1444 Words   |  6 PagesCalifornia’s past, including the great depression, political turmoil, infrastructure, workingmen’s party and World War II. The growth, reform and progressive change of the state to what it is today is also highlighted in the book. 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While other developed nations like Canada, New Zealand, and Switzerland have campaigned and accepted universal coverage as the method in which to promote welfare of citizens, the evolution of these efforts in the U.S have failed1 .For more than a century, universal coverage advocates in the U.S, believed they were close to success in the development of universal coverage and each time they faced defeat. The firs t notable effort wasRead MoreThe F 22 : A Second Generation Fighter With Revolutionary Capabilities1538 Words   |  7 Pages as well as reductions in Defense spending caused the failure of the F-22 Raptor acquisition strategy. This document covers the following: History of F-22, F-22 development and cost, F-22 modernization, strategic environment, defense strategy, evolution of the force, fiscal reality, conclusion and recommendations. The F-22 program began in 1981, and its concept exploration was in October 1986. In addition, the F-22 program demonstration and validation occurred in June 1991, with the first flightRead MoreHistory 3011175 Words   |  5 Pagesserve the people. With any division of power obstacles are bound to arise, usually when attempting to enact important legislation. Since the US Constitution was written to the present day there has been conflicts between the supporters of a strong federal government and campaigners of states’ rights. This paper will address these three aspects associated with the first three articles of the United States Constitution. Reasons for Dividing the Government The fact that power is abused if monopolized

Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus. What Is Type Ii Diabetes....

Type II diabetes mellitus What is type II diabetes? Diabetes is a disorder characterized by abnormally high blood sugar levels usually caused by insensitivity to insulin. Insulin production is normal in type II diabetics. The condition is frequently associated with a family history and is seen in obese individuals. It is a leading risk factor for the development of heart attack, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. It is also a leading cause of kidney disease, blindness, and death in the United States. Due to the importance of this condition, it is critical that patients understand its causes, symptoms, and treatment. By the end of this article, you will have the answers to these essential questions: †¢ What causes type II†¦show more content†¦It affects approximately 12% to 14% of Americans. The prevalence of diabetes is on the rise due to the Western diet and lifestyle. What are the symptoms and signs of type II diabetes? The classic symptoms of diabetes usually occur in type I diabetes and include: †¢ Eating excessively (polyphagia) †¢ Excessive thirst (polydipsia) †¢ Frequent urination (polyuria) Patients with severe type II diabetes may also develop these symptoms and often require the use of insulin to control their blood sugar levels. Other symptoms of diabetes that occur due to its complications include: †¢ Eye disease leading to blindness (retinopathy) †¢ Kidney failure – results in high blood pressure and swelling in the legs †¢ Heart attack – chest difficulty breathing – although heart attacks in diabetes may be â€Å"silent† †¢ Nerve damage in the feet hands (peripheral neuropathy) causes burning pain You may also develop complete loss of sensation and ulcer formation in the feet, which is a very dangerous sign. Complete sensory loss can also result in problems with balance. The foot examination is a critical part of the physical examination in patients with diabetes. 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Structural Collapses Free Essays

Structural collapses are disasters that require efficient and immediate responses by engineers and other emergency services. This report discusses these responses in order to expose barriers and issues that could potentially cause a structural failure. It is imperative that each role is played at the highest degree of efficiency in such a disaster to minimize casualties and maximise safety. We will write a custom essay sample on Structural Collapses or any similar topic only for you Order Now For this to occur, ICT engineers become critical to the instant response of such a disaster as through harnessing technology, they are able to monitor important data and effectively establish a reliable communicative network. Furthermore, communication before any structural collapse is necessary, as it serves to improve accuracy through peer to peer assessment and collaborative data. (Matsushiba Nishi 2010; Chintalapudi et al 2006; Ferworn Ribeiro 2010; Lawson 2005) Structural health monitoring (SHM) is highly effective in preventing structural collapses. SHM is a low cost sensor network technology that collects extremely significant monitoring data of a structure and is used to identify any potential faults in the pre collapse, as well as the specific reason of failure in the post collapse (Matsushiba Nishi 2010; Chintapaludi et al 2006). Such data is considered to be highly valuable in response to a structural collapse and its value is confirmed by Matsushiba Nishi ‘The system monitors structural vibration caused by earthquakes, detects structural damage and predicts performance and lifecycle of the structure’ (2010, p.76). The monitoring data collected thus results in not only the location of any structural damage, but as well as the overall performance and condition of the structure. With this, the SHM system is able to determine a structures approximate lifespan and thus reducing its overall operational costs (Chintalapudi et al 2006). In addition to this, since the sensors are at low cost they are economically viable allowing for mass placement especially for large structures. This indefinitely improves safety as well as its property of monitoring wirelessly. Therefore with the use of such an advanced piece of sensor technology, the SHM system is highly effective in the prevention and thus response to structural collapses through constant monitoring. Instant communication is essential during a structural collapse. Communication is the basis of teamwork and collaboration. Such an idea becomes extremely significant during a structural collapse as it is required for engineers and emergency services to communicate, but actively play another role completely. This level of communication is necessary as through such differences in experience and skills, the collaboration is resultant in a much more precise analysis and in turn, a highly efficient approach to the structural collapse is found. Therefore the integration of technology becomes vital as it accelerates communication such that it becomes seamless and instantaneous, which is specifically necessary for such an immediate response to a disaster. As stated, ‘in emergency management it is imperative that the communications be reliable and responsive’ (Ferworn Ribeiro 2010). During a structural collapse, instant communication is clearly essential as any delay of significant information could lead to further failure or disaster (Ferworn Ribeiro 2010). Such significant information could very possibly be from as discussed above, a SHM system which through its data can effectively determine the location of damage (Matsushiba Nishi 2010; Chintapaludi et al 2006). This essential type of data being instantaneously shared between the different teams during a structural collapse is of immeasurable value. Furthermore, through the application of technology, instant communication becomes more dynamic and reliable, especially due to its wireless property. Therefore, the establishment of such a network is highly recommended. Communication beforehand is necessary for future preventions. In the prevention of structural risks and damages, engineers and other significant roles need to communicate effectively beforehand in order to maximise the overall insight into a structure as similarly discussed above (Ferworn Ribeiro 2010). Such pre communication involves peer to peer reviews and collaborations. With peer to peer reviews, structures beforehand are assessed by different people and thus aspects, effectively exposing much more potential faults rather than being reviewed by similar people in the same field of experience (Lawson 2005). Pre communication through collaboration is also an essential factor in the prevention of structural collapses as it allows for the full sharing of knowledge and in turn creates a sense of openness as well as teamwork (Lawson 2005). Such a positive atmosphere is a catalyst for strong and critical thinking, inevitably leading to strong structures accordingly. These peer to peer communications have been discussed and described as ‘powerful tools to improve safety as well as to improve performance’ (Lawson 2005, p.319). Due to the degree of effectiveness that they have upon engineers as well as other services, and thus the prevention of structural collapses, organisations have been formed to support these concepts. Such notable examples is the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) and the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO). These organisations have implemented strategies like the peer to peer reviews and collaborations, which have resulted in the improvement of cooperation and the prioritisation of safety (Lawson 2005). Conclusion It is evident through these findings that ICT engineers skilled with modern technology become invaluable before, during and in the response to a structural collapse. This is due to their many abilities such as monitoring a structure through wireless sensor technology like the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system which provides copious amounts of important data (Matsushiba Nishi 2010; Chintapaludi et al 2006), or the establishment of a network which essentially is a source of instantaneous communication, and thus teamwork (Ferworn Ribeiro 2010). This teamwork through communication should also be established before any collapse, as it is a necessity to effectively share essential information with other engineers and services alike (Lawson 2005). The issues within a structural collapse though, can be realised to be very specified in accordance for the need of collective data and group cooperation. This is clear through the prioritization of safety and maximizing efficiency. In result, situational change is also be a factor in terms of priorities for a structural collapse response. Therefore for engineers, it is a common ground for the collaboration of skill and knowledge in order to truly become successful in the response to a structural collapse. How to cite Structural Collapses, Papers