Novel “Unwind” Essay

In the novel, Unwind, three teenagers embark on a journey full of mischief, excitement and tragedy. The three main characters have their own agenda in the novel. Risa is orphan who is being unwound due to cutbacks in budget. Lev is an thirteen year old tithe who’s main purpose in life was to be unwound once he turned thirteen. Lastly, Connor is fifteen year old trouble maker who is being unwound due to the fact that his parents have grown sick and tired of his negative behavior. They all show that in the end that life is sometimes a fight for survival. In the beginning Connor runs away from home because he doesn’t want to be unwound. While Connor is running away from the police on the interstate, he pulls Lev out of a car and takes him hostage in order to slow down police. As this happens, Risa’s bus crashes due to Connor’s antics and she escapes the grasp from the people trying to unwind her. When the three finally get away, Lev is hell bent on getting revenge Connor for kidnapping him. When the three teens hide in a local high school, Lev sneaks away from the pack and tells the local authorities about the runaway unwinds. When the police enter the school and the fire alarm is pulled, Risa & Connor have to make a last second escape from the cops. With the help of a teacher, they find help in a local antique’s shop owner named Sonia. Sonia helps Risa and Connor, by letting them stay in her store basement where they meet Roland, Mai, and Hayden (other runaway unwinds). Sonia tells them that their stay is only temporary and when their time is up they are shipped different safe houses. Connor & Risa hate Roland, for he is a power hungry bully with nothing to lose. After Christmas, all of the kids who are stationed in the safe houses, are put in airplane crates and shipped to â€Å"The Graveyard†. In the graveyard they meet The Admiral who protects unwinds until they turn eighteen, then he lets them go. When things get out of hand, the thousands of kids being stationed in â€Å"The Graveyard†, make an attempt to kill The Admiral. All of the teenagers believe that he wants to sell them for their parts. When The Admiral almost dies, Roland, Risa, and Connor fly him to a local hospital where Roland turns them all into the authorities. At the Harvest Camp, Connor is recognized among the many teenagers as the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Akron AWOL†. This is the name given to him for his actions on the interstate in Akron, Ohio. While in the Harvest Camp, Connor sees Lev, and is surprisingly overjoyed. Though Connor does not know that Lev is there for his own hidden agenda. When Connor’s day comes to be unwound, it’s a mournful day at the Harvest Camp. Once Connor enters the doors of the Unwind Medical Bay, bombs go off. Suicidal bombers known as clappers blow up the medical bay and Connor comes limping out without an eye and badly wounded. Risa, who was playing in the band on top of the medical bay. To everyone’s surprise, Lev is one of the bombers, but he refused to make himself go off. Instead he runs into the medical bay and helps pull the other’s out including Risa. When Connor wakes up with only vision in one of his eyes, he figures out that someone has given him a new name. He also notices that the new replacement arm is Roland’s. Risa is paralyzed from the waste down, but is happy to be alive. Lev is in a Juvenile detention center for having traces of nitroglycerin in his blood (relating him to the suicide bombers). In the end, Connor and Risa both go back to â€Å"The Graveyard†, where they help other numerous unwinds escape from their death. Due to Lev’s antics at the Harvest Camp, the government changes the unwind ages from 13 through 18, to 13 through 17.

My story-writing to describe: The blade glistened in the moonlight, and the air chilled against my skin

The blade glistened in the moonlight, and the air chilled against my skin. It was time. Slash: the blade was now red, deep red. My second kill was a lot easier than the first, but it's not over. The body is starting to smell now, I guess I should leave, then I can tell you why I killed for the second time tonight, and the second time in my life. I'm back in my car I need to visit someone, I can smell the blood on my clothes, it's a dark night the air is heavy the moons gone now, only the broken street lamps to show me the way, but it will do, it will have to do. So now I'll explain what's going on and why I killed someone. I started the day like any other and went to work like normal, but when I got home, something was wrong, I couldn't hear my kids shouting and playing like they normally do, in fact I couldn't hear anything just a dead silence. Something was wrong. I could feel it in the air. I opened the door and instantly I knew something was wrong and nothing was how it should be. Lucas and Jake weren't shouting and playing as they normally are and my beautiful wife Brooke wasn't here to welcome me home. I walked carefully through the entrance hall into the living room and then I saw it something I'll never forget till the day I die, my wife and kids on the floor dead in a pool of blood, their faces so pure and honest, what's going on who could have done this, who would do this, which sick people would brutally murder unarmed children. I could hear something in the other room. I took out the baton that was in my pocket and followed the sound. I walked into another room and saw someone crawling on the floor. Covered with blood everywhere it was my neighbour Nathan badly wounded but definitely still alive. I walked towards him: he looked bad. Maybe I should have tried help him but I needed to know who had done this first. Before he died, he told me one name and an address. I gathered my things and covered my family I took each one to their bedrooms and laid them there, I then took a knife I had in my drawer and pocketed it. After finishing in my house I left and headed straight to the address I was given; 24 Ashten Park. I hadn't been to the road before so it took me some time to get there but in the end it wasn't too far away and I arrived at my location. That was three hours ago, it seems so long ago that I found the address and the name. When I found the name after beating it out of him he told me who had helped him and who had hired him in the murder so after dealing with him I left again with vengeance strong in my heart and straight away found his accomplice. I killed him too. That's my story so far now I'm on my way to my brother I wont be able to get revenge on my own, my target is too big, this is a two man job. When I killed the first murderer he told me who he worked for, a local guy known for his dodgy dealings, and he's my target but he's sure to have protection so I need to get help, here I am, number 1 the Valley home to my only brother. My brother, Jason is three years younger than me and similar to me in many ways. But unlike me he has no children or a wife, or I should say what I used to be like, now I have nothing. I can't believe this is happening to me I'm just a normal guy with a normal job with a normal family. We're driving towards vengeance I knew my brother would help me, as soon as I explained the situation he picked up a knife and was ready to go. While we're driving to our final destination I'm wondering why did all this happen? Why my family? Why me? Maybe ill find out why but really now all I want is revenge. We are nearly there I can feel my blood pumping in my veins, my heart beating so fast. My hands are trembling, shaking but I must get my act together you can't kill when you're shaking. We're finally here I can see the hangout. Time to go. I'm walking towards the building with my brother we're going to go behind the back we need to be silent so that no one hears us. I can smell the stench of these backstreets. It's disgusting. I can see the dirt and filth that lives, around here, but really it doesn't concern me. I only have one thing on my mind; revenge. I am at the door. I can hear noises inside. All I have to do is pick the lock with my knife and I'm in. There done it I'm going in, the room is quite dark and there is a thick must in the air. The sound I heard is from another room; this one is empty. It's an abandoned room with dirt and dust everywhere a torn up couch on the side and a bed in the corner, I dread to think what might have happened in here. Damn it, someone saw me and now his shouting and I can hear running footsteps and a door opening, but not to meet me there running outside I need to go after them. My car is fast I'm sure I can catch them I'm getting into my car and stepping on the gas, I never thought I'd ever be chasing a filthy thug to kill him but that's what I've come to. I'm a couple cars behind them but I can't think of a way to get them off the road. I need to get closer. They are so close I can see the guys in the car. There are two of them and both must be killed. Its time to do what must be done. Smash! I drove my car into theirs but they're not stopping. Smash! Again and again I drive my car into theirs and finally their car stops and two men get out, my brother and I get out of my car and take out our knives. They do the same. I realize this might be the last thing I ever do so I must succeed and I must kill them. ‘You killed my family. Now come here and suffer' ‘Do you know that your family screamed, begging for their lives, especially your youngest. Do you know why I killed them'? A large smile was on the thugs face as he spoke. ‘ Because I was in the mood for some fun.' He ran towards the thug blade out and aimed straight for the heart. The thug took his blade and tried to parry off his attack but it didn't work. The thug was on the floor, his blood pouring out onto the stone floor. He was surely dead. As this was happening, the thugs' friend had walked quietly towards the car and had pulled out a gun behind his back. He then jumped into his car, aimed his barrel, shot and then drove off. I never thought it would end like this well at least I got my revenge I'm now at peace ready to move on. Wow so this is what it feels like to take a bullet to the chest, not quiet what I imagined but painful enough. ‘No you cant die you're my only brother, I love you, breathe please breathe.' cried Jason, who now had him in his arms. But it was no use. He was dead. Now it was Jason's turn for vengeance. I know a number plate and that's good enough for me I will get vengeance for my brother. Now my story begins.

Cross-Organizational Systems Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cross-Organizational Systems - Case Study Example I will recommend the Clambake Company to implement an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system for the integration of different systems. Basically, an ERP is a cross-functional system that is particularly designed to automate and join together a number of internal processes of a business organization. In fact, it is a best for solution for business functions such as logistics, distribution, manufacturing, accounting, human resource, and finance functions. Hence, this cross-functional system works as a central information system of the firm. In this scenario, it will allow the Clambake Company to attain the maximum efficiency, awareness, and agility required to be successful in an ever-increasing competitive business environment. One of the most important advantages of an ERP system is that it encompasses a set of integrated components that will provide the Clambake Company with an instantaneous cross-functional overview of its major business functions like that order processing, sal es, accounting and its resources, for instance information regarding raw materials, production capacity, cash and people (TRIPOD, 2013; Daneva & Wieringa, 2006). In addition, in the cross-functional environments, data and information move between functions and services without communicating with hierarchical channels. In this scenario, SAP’s ERP system is an excellent choice for this scenario. It is believed that enterprise resource planning systems come very close to delivering the cross-functional communication and collaboration so preferred by the majority of business organizations (Amrani, Rowe, Bidan, Geffroy-Maronnat, & Marciniak, 2003; Markus, 2000; TRIPOD, 2013). Amrani, R. E., Rowe, F., Bidan, M., Geffroy-Maronnat, B., & Marciniak, R. (2003). ERP Implementation and change: towards a cross-functional view. Retrieved February 03, 2013, from

The Relationship between Animal Abuse and Domestic Violence Research Paper

The Relationship between Animal Abuse and Domestic Violence - Research Paper Example The strong bond of man to animals shows the capacity of the former to create meaningful bonds with other creatures not at the same step in the ladder of the intelligence hierarchy. Also, the positive effects of animals on human behavior became numerous as time progressed, which eventually lead to the creation of a new branch of sociology called environmental sociology, which deals with the relationship of the environment and the society (Zilney 1). Within the familial relationships that are abusive in nature, various kinds of cruelty are reported to exist. These would include emotional, physical, sexual, financial, and deliberate animal abuse (Taylor). Not only would one parent be suffering from either one of the abuses, but also the pain would resonate to other members of the household, including the children or pets. The perpetrator would most likely take down the weakest members of the household such as the pets in order to control the other victims (Brimer 654). However, because of the possible imprisonment that domestic violence could do to the abuser, the anger and aggression is instead turned to the animals instead, to further silence the other victims regarding the abuse. This makes it easier to detect animal abuse than domestic violence because even when the children or the abused parent are hidden from authorities, there are high chances that the neighbors would be witnessing such violence being done to the animals. Also, even without the presence of law enforcement officers, visiting veterinarians could assess if the animals are properly kept or not, thus further strengthening suspicions of domestic abuse (Ascione and Shapiro 571). It is also helpful to ask victims of abuse about their pets and how they interact with the abuser, because these victims may not be able to tell authorities right away about what they experience. By asking about their pets, law enforcement officers could identify if the abuse is not limited to the animal alone, which is mo re likely the case. Thus, by starting the interrogations from the treatment of animals, it can be expected that the victims would eventually confess to being abused themselves, thus implicating the abuser not just in hurting pets, but also other members in the family unit. With this in light, while the strength of the assumption that performing animal abuse itself causes domestic violence in the future, it is implicitly confirmed by researchers that animal abuse is highly correlated with domestic violence and therefore can be used to predict the abuser’s violent history as well as violence in the abuser’s future. Why the Study of Human-Animal Relationships went at a Slow Pace The relevance of understanding human relationships with non-humans were said to give additional insights to the need to study how the interactions of numerous creatures to men were able to help shape mankind’s behavior and culture (Zilney 6). Because of this notion, ethical lectures during the period of enlightenment by Immanuel Kant became ingrained sturdily in how men should treat animals. Kant was said to have mentioned that people who are cruel to animals are also cruel in dealing with other people (Linzey 1). Also, being abusive to weaker creatures become

Assignment com 008 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assignment com 008 - Essay Example Euphemistic language is commonly used to manipulate others. In involves using a smoother, less objectionable manner of presenting something, rather than a blunt or frank way of saying it. For instance, death can be referred to in a more polite manner such as departure from life or passing away. Euphemism can be used to make the rough edges of life smoother and make what is actually unbearable to be more bearable. Another aim of using euphemism is to make individuals sound more learned and to enhance their self-worthiness. On the other hand, if used to create misconceptions, euphemism can be a risky technique, for both the user and the recipient. For example, euphemism may lead to problem denial, which may hinder an individual from getting a solution. Other people may find it difficult to realize an issue, thus may go unresolved. The most dreadful of all euphemism is that used politically, since all positives and negatives are made either appropriate or inappropriate, depending on the issue at

Paternal Influences on Ethical Decision Making of Senior Leaders in Assignment

Paternal Influences on Ethical Decision Making of Senior Leaders in the Health Care Industry - Assignment Example m, International Olympic Committee, Enron, Tyco, Qwest Communications International, Duke Energy, Bristol-Myers Squibb, etc, as well as the sex scandal in the Catholic church, have resulted in a loss of confidence in the management and leadership of these large corporations and institutions. As a consequence, investors have become unnerved and the jolts have shaken international markets. No wonder that a CBS poll taken in the fall of 2002 finds that 79% of respondents believe questionable business practices are widespread and only fewer than one third thinks that CEOs are honest (Wallington, 2003). These companies have all come to the time light for the wrong reasons. As a result, the role of the CEO in ethical dilemmas has come under increased scrutiny. While ethical lapses occur at all the levels of organizations, senior executives who fail to set high ethical standards and live by them are senior leaders in organizations assume the responsibility to display high ethical and moral values in their conduct both within the organization and outside. However, many instances have come to where they discard this significant aspect subjected to scrutiny and held accountable for the consequences of unethical practices, damaging the interests of employees, shareholders and the society at large. CEOs and other senior leaders such as members of Boards of Directors are expected to provide role models and help develop and entrench the ethical belief system for all members of the organization. However, when these leaders fail in their commitment to stand up to the ethical responsibilities, the negative impact of their ethical transgressions will remain long after the leader has been punished. Instances of unethical conduct by senior leaders, which entail serious repercussions, have prompted the need to identify background factors, socialization practices, or early childhood experiences that may account for such behavior in adulthood. Thus, an interest has developed in

A Research On Earthquake Resistant Building Construction Term Paper

A Research On Earthquake Resistant Building Construction - Term Paper Example The big question that remains begging for answers, therefore, is as to why Haiti had so many casualties as compared to San Francisco. Joyce (2010) of NPR news agency observed that â€Å"most buildings hardly met engineering standards and were significantly fragile to withstand an earthquake of such a magnitude.† Then why did the Haitians, and more so their government, allowed such buildings to be constructed? The answer is simple; most Haitian and low-income earners and can barely afford to build similar to those found in San Francisco or New York, for instance. Effective architectural design, proper choice of structural components, and adherence to construction code of ethics guarantee the development of affordable earthquake resistant buildings that are less affected by earthquakes.Earthquakes refer to sudden movements or shaking of the earth surface. It could be man-made, for instance, those caused by heavy machinery, or natural that are often caused by geological process o ccurring from within the earth surface. When it occurs, weak structures end up being destroyed. There are several reasons that cause building to fail in the event of an earthquake. For example, at the instance that an earthquake strikes, the vertical and horizontal movements cause the building to shift from its position of rest. However, due to forces of inertia, the building's weight somehow changes and, hence, causing failure of the building. Also, the material used in the construction of the building contributes to this failure.

The Counter Culture and Social Revolution of the 1960s Research Paper

The Counter Culture and Social Revolution of the 1960s - Research Paper Example Prominent people in the 60s had launched the great changes that people enjoy today. That decade served as the basis for further changes and advancement that contributed to the progress of people globally. The whole decade of 1960s had significant events that led to a less rigid and limiting social system in the next decades. The fight for changes occurs around the world and some of those efforts were done violently and with confusion. The reaction of the people of that decade was filled with anger as they expressed their insights on the stiff societal system. Farrell then stated that the 1960s can stand out among other decades as it staged the rebellion of people especially the youth from the rigid 1950s. He also said that the root of that rebellion was the progressive modernism that started before the emergence of World War (16). The fight against the rigid social system did not only take place physically but also intellectually as literature had been used as an avenue for opening t he eyes of the public about the issues being faced by the society in that time (Cart 21). Cart also added that popular writers of 1960s detailed the events that made people take action as they fight for their complicated desires and motives (21). Those motives drove people as they did not give up for the fight they had. Hammond took notice of the critical thinkers that came out also in that decade as they thought of ways on how to prevent themselves from having too much of everything (175). She also added that balance had been sought in the pursuit of knowing the identity of own selves (Hammond 175). Despite of the pursuit for balance and self-identity, rigid rejection occurred against the dictated standards set forth by the older generation (Rielly 21). The 1960s also prevented the prevalent status quo to influence them by using rage that might have led to violence. People were unashamed and fearless as they brought out the sensitive topics that were once considered taboos. On top of that, the strength shown by those people came from the earlier fights against discrimination and conventional social system that were recorded in history (Bell 120). It can be rooted from the 1895 and 1914 modernist revolutions (Riley 58). Artistic revolution then occurred in that period as visual artists, musicians, poets and novelists went out of the traditional rules of making their own genre as they explore freely with their own form of art (Rielly 127). The self-image was also a prominent ideology in the 1960s as new point-of-views came out in the process as Roger Shattuck identified the ideology and process through his work called The Banquet Years as traditions discriminated people and how those people coped up with their situation (Bell 121). That decade focused on the welfare of the commoners like the youth and oppressed as they fought for their rights within the strict norms of the society. The paper would focus on the cultural changes and social revolutions of the 1960 s especially the massive efforts and resistance that people had done in that decade. After all, the people of the latter decades and generations owe the freedom being enjoyed to the people behind the events in the 60s that influenced the adjustments upon the social system. The 1960s was also named as the Swinging Sixties as many ups and downs took place in that decade that created many innovations and long-lasting effects to the lives of people worldwide (Palmer 179). The awareness in the global arena came to existence in the same decade as the younger generation did not conform to the beliefs and customs created by the older generations (Curran and Seaton 185). The whole decade then had produced the technological advancement that catered the needs

Group Work vs Alone Essay Example for Free

Group Work vs Alone Essay You could receive useful feedback from group members, and shorten the amount of time you might have originally spent on the project if you had worked alone. Contrary to popular belief, there most certainly is an I in team. It is the same I that appears three times in responsibility. ~Amber Harding When you work in group you will be able to assign each member job that will help the project because of their specialization in that area of expertise, like shy person wouldn’t want to be the presenter and a terrible writer wouldn’t want to have the job of writing down everything. Using each person’s skills and talent to the group’s advantage will make the work easier; everyone has different strengths and can contribute something positive to the group. When all the skills are combined it creates new approaches to solving a problem with better results than if you were to work alone. When working in a group its best to make sure everyone has a job to do so at the end you would know who the slackers were and it’s also important to know your job so at the end of the project there’s no mix up’s at the end causing the entire group to start the project over again. Team means Together Everyone Achieves More! ~Author Unknown When you work in a group you will be able to receive feedback on what you’re doing and help to make the project as a whole better. When you’re working in a group it’s easier to improve your ideas than when you work alone, because you’ll think the idea is really good until someone in your group helps you make the idea better.

Cloud Computing Essay Example for Free

Cloud Computing Essay ABSTRACT: This white paper is an introduction to the terms, characteristics, and services associated with internet-based computing, commonly referred to as cloud computing. Also introduced are the benefits and challenges associated with cloud computing, and for those seeking to use communications services in the cloud, briefly presented are different ways of determining the interfaces needed to use these communications services. Cloud computing is where software applications, processing power, data and potentially even artificial intelligence are accessed over the Internet. Many private individuals now regularly use an online email application such as Gmail, Yahoo! Mail or Hotmail. The location of physical resources and devices being accessed are typically not known to the end user. It also provides facilities for users to develop, deploy and manage their applications ‘on the cloud’, which entails virtualization of resources that maintains and manages itself. 1. What is Cloud Computing? Cloud computing provides the facility to access shared resources and common infrastructure, offering services n demand over the network to perform operations that meet changing business needs. Definitions: â€Å"Cloud computing is a general term for anything that involves delivering hosted services over the internet.† – Wikipedia â€Å"Cloud computing is Internet-based computing, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices on demand, like the electricity grid.†- Wikipedia Basically a cloud is a virtualization of Resources that manages and maintains itself. CCSIT, Junagadh [emailprotected] Page 1 2. Types of cloud Public Cloud: the services are delivered to the client via the Internet from a third party service provider. Example: Amazon, Yahoo, Google Example of Clouds 3. Architecture Cloud architecture,[15] the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the delivery of cloud computing, typically involves multiple cloud components communicating with each other over application programming interfaces, usually web services and 3-tier architecture. This resembles the Unix philosophy of having multiple programs each doing one thing well and working together over universal interfaces. Complexity is controlled and the resulting systems are more manageable than their monolithic counterparts. Private Cloud: these services are managed and provided within the organization. There are less restriction on network bandwidth, fewer security exposures and other legal requirements compared to the public Cloud. Example: HP Data Centers Hybrid cloud: There is some confusion over the term Hybrid when applied to the cloud a standard definition of the term Hybrid Cloud has not yet emerged. The term Hybrid Cloud has been used to mean either two separate clouds joined together (public, private, internal or external), or a combination of virtualized cloud server instances used together with real physical hardware. The most correct definition of the term Hybrid Cloud is probably the use of physical hardware and virtualized cloud server instances together to provide a single common service Architecture The two most significant components of cloud computing architecture are known as the front end and the back end. The front end is the part seen by the client, i.e. the computer user. Hybrid cloud CCSIT, Junagadh [emailprotected] Page 2 This includes the client’s network (or computer) and the applications used to access the cloud via a user interface such as a web browser. The back end of the cloud computing architecture is the ‘cloud’ itself, comprising various computers, servers and data storage devices collaboration. For more information on collaborative working using Google Docs, you can watch the now classic video Google Docs in Plain English. Taking collaboration further still, the outputs of some SaaS applications can be embedded in other web pages as web service gadgets. For example, a Google Docs or Zoho Sheet chart can be mashed into another website. There it will automatically update when the data in the online spreadsheet that is generating it is changed. SaaS applications are also constantly updated, which can free users of the upgrade hell of a major traditional software package revision. The disadvantage of SaaS is that it is basically a takeit-or-leave-it form of cloud computing. This means that businesses and individuals who require direct access to cloud computing hardware on which they can run their own applications cannot use SaaS. Rather, they need to cloud compute at the platform or infrastructure level using either platform as a service (PaaS) or infrastructure as a service (IaaS). 4. Services of Cloud Computing SaaS(Software as a Service) PaaS(Platform as a Service) IaaS(Infrastructure as a Service) Services Of Cloud computing PaaS(Platform as a Service) A platform is a software environment used to develop and run applications. For example, Microsoft Word is an application that runs on the Microsoft Windows platform. When people choose to cloud compute using platform as a service or PaaS, they obtain access to an online platform provided by a cloud computing vendor. They can then use this platform to develop and deliver their own online (SaaS) applications. Applications developed using PaaS may be used privately by just one or a few users within a particular company. However, they can also be offered free or for-a-fee to anybody on the web. This means that if you have a great idea for a new online application then you can use PaaS to turn it into a reality! Several cloud suppliers now offer PaaS tools. Most notably these include Google App Engine, Microsoft Windows Azure, and Force.com. All such offerings effectively provide their customers with a box of cloud computing Lego. New applications are then constructed from the plastic bricks on offer. With Force.com, some applications can even be built using a simple drag-and-drop interface. Relatively nontechnical people can therefore create new online applications very quickly. SaaS (Software as a Service) Software as a service is where computer applications are accessed over the Internet rather than being installed on a local computing device or in a local data centre. So, for example, people may use an online word processor like Google Docs, an online database application like Zoho Creator, an online photo editor like Pixar, or an online invoicing application such as Zoho Invoice. Many SaaS applications are free to use, at least initially. You can find links to a great many in the Cloud Computing Directory. SaaS can provide its users with many benefits. These include the general cloud computing advantages of dynamic scalability and any device independence, as well as the benefit of being able to use an application without incurring fixed costs. Many SaaS applications are also collaborative. This allows multiple users to share documents and even to work on them at the same time.  For example, in the Google Docs spreadsheet different users can work on different cells simultaneously. The cells different users are working on are locked-off and highlighted in different colours. A real-time chat window can also be opened up alongside the spreadsheet to further enhance Indeed, Force.com claim that their simplified programming model and cloud-based environment mean [customers] can build and run applications five times faster, at about half the cost of traditional software platforms. Google App Engine and Force.com also allow an initial application to be created for free! Whilst PaaS is great in many situations, its users do need to be mindful of the involved flexibility verses power trade-off. What this means is that whilst PaaS makes it relatively easy to create new online applications, users are nevertheless constrained by the particular programming languages and tools provided by their PaaS supplier. In other words, PaaS vendors have total control over which Lego bricks they allow their customers to build with. Whilst this ensures that applications built using the tools on offer will always function correctly, it is nevertheless restrictive. It is for this reason that many companies and some individuals choose to cloud compute at the infrastruct ure level. Dedicated physical servers and virtual server instances can perform exactly the same functions. However, there are some differences between them. For a start, virtual server instances are cheaper to supply as each does not require its own piece of physical hardware in a cloud data centre. On the other hand, virtual server instances are sometimes seen as less secure by those who do not want to share server hardware with other customers. For this reason, four categories of IaaS are available. These are most commonly known as private clouds, dedicated hosting, hybrid hosting and cloud hosting. 5. How cloud computing works? In traditional enterprise computing, IT departments forecast demand for applications and capacity and invest time and money to develop those resources inhouse or purchase them from others and operate them in-house. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) Infrastructure as a service or IaaS is where a cloud supplier provides online infrastructure on which their customers can store data and develop and run whatever applications they please. IaaS therefore allows companies to move their existing programs and data into the cloud and to close down their own local servers and data centres. Whilst computing applications run on platforms, platforms in turn run on computing infrastructure. So, for example, whilst the Microsoft Word application runs on the Microsoft Windows platform, in turn the Microsoft Windows platform runs on the infrastructure of an IBM-compatible PC. How it works The fundamental building block of cloud computing infrastructure is the server. Cloud computing servers are basically computers on which online applications can be run and data can be stored. When provided by an IaaS vendor, cloud servers can also be real or virtual. Real or dedicated servers are individual circuit boards – known as blades – mounted within equipment racks in a data centre. In contrast virtual servers – also known as virtual server instances – are software-controlled slices of real, physical servers. Virtual servers are created by a process called virtualization that allows many users to share the processing power of one physical server. With cloud computing, institutions procure IT services from remote providers, and campus constituents access these resources over the Internet. E-mail, for example, long considered a staple of an institution’s IT operations, can be obtained from a range of sources, and a growing number of campuses contract with outside suppliers for this function. Software is hosted by the provider and does not need to be installed—or maintained—on individual computers around campus. In some cases, a large university or a consortium might become a provider of cloud services. Storage and processing needs can also be met by the cloud. Institutions pay only for the resources used, and users can access the applications and files they need from virtually any Internet- connected computer. In a mature cloud computing environment, institutions would be able to add new IT services or respond to changes in capacity on the fly, saving capital costs that can be redirected to programs of strategic value to the institution. Advantages †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Reduced Hardware equipment for end users Improved Performance Lower Hardware and Software Maintenance Instant Software Updates Accessibility Less Expensive (Amazon example) Better Collaboration Pay for what you use Flexible 6. CHARACTERISTICS †¢ High scalability Cloud environments enable servicing of business requirements for larger audiences, through high scalability Disadvantages †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Security Issues (#1 concern) Internet connection Too many platforms Location of Servers Time for Transition Speed †¢ Agility The cloud works in the ‘distributed mode’ environment. It shares resources among users and tasks, while improving efficiency and agility (responsiveness) †¢ High availability and reliability Availability of servers is high and more reliable as the chances of infrastructure failure are minimal †¢ Multi-sharing With the cloud working in a distributed and shared mode, multiple users and applications can work more efficiently with cost Reductions by sharing common infrastructure †¢ Services in pay-per-use mode SLAs between the provider and the user must be defined when offering services in pay per use mode. This may be based on the complexity of services offered Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) may be offered to the users so they can access services on the cloud by using these APIs 7. CONCLUSION After so many years, Cloud Computing today is the beginning of â€Å"network based computing† over Internet in force. It is the technology of the decade and is the enabling element of two totally new computing models, the Client-Cloud computing and the Terminal-Cloud computing. These new models would create whole generations of applications and business. Our prediction is that it is the beginning to the end of the dominance of desktop computing such as that with the Windows. It is also the beginning of a new Internet based service economy: the Internet centric, Web based, on demand, Cloud applications and computing economy

Mens Rea And Actus Reus Of A Crime

Mens Rea And Actus Reus Of A Crime Two elements comprise nearly all crimes, a guilty mind (mens rea) and a guilty act (actus reus). An act does not make a man guilty of a crime, unless his mind is also guilty. It is, therefore, not the act which is guilty but respectively the man and his mind. A substantiation of an actus reus is required in every crime. Also, there is a presumption that every element of the actus reus needs proof of a consequent mens rea. Where the presumption of mens rea is not applicable, such offences are called strict liability crimes. Most crimes have the element of a mens rea. It must always be proven by the Prosecution that an unlawful conduct is committed by an accused. Furthermore, it will usually have to be proven that the accused committed with guilty mind in engaging such conduct. For instance, to ensure conviction for rape in contradiction to s.2(1), 1981 Criminal Law (Rape) Act, it must be proven by the Prosecution that the accused committed unlawful conduct (i.e., non-consensual sexual intercourse with a woman), knowing that no consent is given by the woman or being thoughtless regarding whether or not the woman was consenting (mens rea). If the guilty act (actus reus) involves the particular outcome which the criminal conduct of the accused caused, a mens rea may have to be proven by the Prosecution as well with regard to the particular outcome. The actus reus, for instance, in the crime of assault producing injury in contradiction of s.3, 1997 Non-Fatal Offences against the Person Act, is criminal act, i.e., an assault, and a distinct outcome (i.e., injury). Intention and Mens Rea It is impossible to explore somebodys mind to determine their intentions.  [3]  The meaning of intention, in line with s.14, 1861 Offences against the Person Act, deliberated by the Court of Criminal Appeal in The People (DPP) v. Douglas and Hayes,  [4]  provides that whoever shall fire at any person with the intention to carry out murder shall be guilty of a felony, whether or not it will result to any physical harm. The Special Criminal Court convicted the applicants inter alia of an offence in contradiction of s.14 of the 1861 Act. They argued successfully that the requisite intent under s.14 had not been proven. The courts judgment was conveyed by McWilliam J, stating that unless intent has actually been expressed by the accused, the intent of the accused can only be determined from a consideration of his actions and the surrounding circumstances. What the accused intend or did not intend, only he can know such. Apparently, if the accused expressed the intention to do a thing and carried on to accomplish that intention, proving that the accused acted with intent will be reasonably simple. Conversely, lacking such an expression, intention is harder to prove and other statements expressed by the accused must be considered by a jury or judge as well as the actions of the accused and the circumstances surrounding the case in coming to a decision whether intention is to be inferred or not. Omissions Liability and Actus Reus Precisely what is meant by conduct is commonly referred to as an act. In criminal liability, an omission or a part thereof cannot form the actus reus of a crime as a general rule. As stated by McAuley and McCutcheon,  [5]  the common law traditionally disinclines to punish omissions and to illustrate this time honoured example, watching an infant drowning in a shallow pool by an able-bodied person does not constitute an offence. But this principle is also subject to exceptions. The accused in DPP v. Bartley  [6]  had been convicted of different sexual offences. Carney J on passing judgment commented that where a believable complaint of felony is presented to a policeman, the policeman under the Common Law has no discretion in not investigating the complaint and arrest the indentified offender. This duty if not carried out strongly constitutes on the part of the policeman an illegality and makes him liable to prosecution on indictment. Palles CB remarked in Creagh v. Gamble  [7]  that a person shall be brought to justice where a credible suspicion of a felony is present against him. The Peace Officer is entitled and duty bound as well to apprehend him. This Common Law principle still applies. This was substantiated in R. v. Dytham.  [8]   Concurrence of Mens Rea and Actus Reus If mens rea is to be proven by the Prosecution, it must moreover establish that mens rea existed at the time of the actus reus. At times whether the actus reus and mens rea concurred may not be apparent. The accused in Kaitamaki v. R.  [9]  was charged with rape. Having sexual intercourse with a woman without consent is the actus reus of rape. Knowing that it is non-consensual or whether there is consent or not by being reckless is the mens rea of rape. It was established that the woman initially consented to have sexual intercourse with the accused. In spite of the subsequent withdrawal of the womans consent, the accused persisted and did not desist from having sexual intercourse. It was contended by the accused that at the time of the actus reus (i.e., penetration), consent was present, hence, he did not have a mens rea. Lord Scarman, the Privy Council, rejected this contention by stating that the act of sexual intercourse is continuing and ends only with withdrawal. Accordingl y, the woman had the right to withdraw her consent at whatever time during sexual intercourse, even though she had initially given consent to penetration. The case of Kaitamaki v. R.  [10]  can be referred to in sustaining the proposition that an actus reus entails a continuing act, and as such, in order to ensure a conviction, the accused must be proven to have the required mens rea at some period during its continuation, although it is not essential to establish that at the outset the requisite mens rea was present with the accused.

Racism, Society, and Martin Espadas Beloved Spic Essay -- Espada Belo

Racism, Society, and Martin Espada's Beloved Spic On April 4, 1968 America experienced the tragic loss of one of its greatest social leaders, Martin Luther King, Jr. He was a pivotal leader in the civil rights movement who permeated American history as a man who maintained the importance of nonviolent social change. He fought racism within the public domain by pursuing school integration and basic civil rights for the African-American community. Thirty-one years after his death, America is forced to evaluate the exact implications of his legacy on modern society's attitudes towards race and race relations. Did the civil rights movement really promote positive changes in race relations? How far has American society really come? Despite the efforts of King and many of his comrades, racism is still prevalent in modern society. However, its presence is evidenced primarily in the attitudes and values which are taught to individuals in the private sector of American life as opposed to the laws and restrictions placed on individuals in the public sector during the civil rights era. Therefore, while racism appears to have dissipated within the public arena, it is most powerfully present in the privacy of our families and homes. This is also the most destructive arena for racism as seen in the poem "Beloved Spic" by Martin Espada. Espada uses his own life experiences to illustrate racism's continued effect and presence in American culture today. Despite society's best efforts to keep racism contained within the private domain, its effects filter through familial boundaries and mock the efforts of past martyrs for social change. There is a marked dichotomy between attitudes and behaviors exhibited within ... ...So the question still remains, has American society really come that far in race relations and where do we go from here? Martin Espada answers the question by illustrating the intense level of racism experienced by a minority living in modern society. The civil rights movement did make positive changes for the African-American community on various different political and social levels. However, racism needs to be broken down to its smallest components, which are the individuals who support and teach racist attitudes. The family itself is the basic unity of society. Therefore, the only way racism will be completely eliminated on a social level is if it is stopped on the individual level. Treating racism as a social phenomenon will provide short-term solutions, but will not treat the virus of hatred perpetuating its continued existence in our society today.

Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury :: Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451

Fahrenheit 4511 In the futuristic novel Fahrenheit 451, the author, Ray Bradbury, expresses several problems that influence the story. Many of these problems have to do with the behavior of the people in the twenty- fourth century society. One major problem is that firemen have been given the job of burning books in order to stop the spreading of ideas, and to cause all of society to reform and therefore be happy. Many people do not agree with this and they try hard to keep books alive, even though they may be killed for it. Guy Montag, who in the beginning of the story is a proud fireman, later doubts his job and joins those who preserve books. One person who teaches him about books is an old man named Faber who is a retired English professor. During a conversation between Montag and Faber, Montag states, â€Å"That’s the good part of dying; when you’ve nothing to lose, you run any risk you want†(pg.85). What he means by this is that he is willing to risk his l ife to help save books for others to read and enjoy. However, Montag’s wife, Mildred, does not care for books as much as Montag because she knows books are illegal and she fears for her life. Mildred tells Montag how afraid she is by saying, â€Å"They might come and burn the house and the family. Why should I read? What for?(pg.73)† Montag is upset when he hears this because he sees that there is a problem with burning books. Indeed there is a problem because books allow people to express themselves, learn, dream, and have fun. In a society such as the one found in Fahrenheit 451, people are not allowed to experience any of these things and they are less individual. Another problem found in Bradbury’s future is that some schools and businesses have been shut down simply because they encourage and promote reading and books. In the novel, books are made to be thought of as evil and are no longer produced. Book companies along with some schools and publishing agencies have been closed due to the ban of books. On page 75 Bradbury tells of the closing of schools by writing, â€Å"The old man admitted to being a retired English Professor who had been thrown out upon the world forty years ago when the last liberal arts college shut for lack of students and patronage.

Stolpestad by William Lychack

Lychack, published in 2008, is about a policeman who gets called out at the end of his shift, to help a 9 year old boy with his suffering dog. Stolpestad is the main character in the story and the protagonist. He is not at all captivated by the task at hand, which I believe to be the antagonist of the story, but follows his orders and heads out to accomplish this odd task and shoots the dog.In the end he is confronted by the young boy and his father for not actually killing the dog. We are first greeted with a very explicit description of the day itself. â€Å"Sun never breaking through the clouds, clouds never breaking into rain – the odometer like a clock ticking all these bored little pent-up streets and mills and tenants away. † (Page 1, line 2-4) This description suggests that it is always like this, the town never changing, never moving on, constant and a duplicate of the day before, Just as the life of Stolpestad.Every street, every shop and home the same as they were in his childhood memories. He has always lived here, but his portrayal of he town bares little enthusiasm or fondness, almost suggesting a negative outlook on his life. The ambience of the setting continues on the same dull note, when the area in which the dog is located is presented. â€Å".. the grass and scrub weeds, the sumac, the old tires, empty bottles, paint cans, rusted car axel, refrigerator door.

Importance of Theology

Living In this glorious world, I noticed how It revolves around me. As I lay my eyes In this world full of mysteries, questions concerning my life's purpose, the reality, the existence of God, how to achieve true happiness and many more keep on flooding in into my mind. I often ask myself, â€Å"Why do I even exist? † and â€Å"How did I become a part to this world? Since the dawn to elite, the curiosity of humanity is incessantly growing. Questions run In circles Inside our minds. We search and search for the truth. We keep on trying to unravel mysteries.However, there are so many locks and not enough keys. In addition, a question just leads to another question. As you can see, to seek for the truth is to reach the exit of a labyrinth. It may be confusing and difficult. Surely, you will always go around In circles. However, when one incessantly focuses and have a sturdy faith, only then he could reach the end of his street and consequently sink in his mind nothing but the tr uth. Theology helps us find reasons for the truth we believe In. It guides us to know the answers for our questions with confidence yet with modesty.Does God really exist? Inside my head is this question, yearning to have answers using the paths for seeking the truth– by way of reason, science, and faith. Using my eyes of reason and with the help of philosophy, God really do exist. As I grow up, my perspective and understanding of life aid In making me see and understand things and reality much deeper. In my own experience, I cannot see love as well as God. I cannot see wisdom as well as God. And I cannot see happiness as well as God. Nevertheless, everything I have stated has one thing In common. May not see all the love, wisdom and happiness, but we can unequivocally feel them. Scientifically speaking, the existence of God could be elaborated by the second path of truth– by way of science. There Is not enough evidence and power science has. Science cannot explain all the things and phenomenal happenings in our world. Researchers say that God does not exist that there is no proof of Him based on their observations and scientific findings. Science generally contradicts the Bible saying that the Sacred Scriptures written is not true.Lastly, the truth is answerable by way of faith. Possessing the eyes of faith, simply believe that God exists In the midst of my everyday life. Being a Catholic. I have this in my mind and heart– the true meaning, value, beauty and essence of Him in my life. As I journey in seeking the truth, I gain more knowledge and wisdom that help me understand what Fife Is. Truth is a deep kindness that teaches us to be contented in our everyday lives and share with other people comparable happiness. The truth has given me a new perspective in life.Let us not love with words or speech but with actions and truth. Have learned that discovering the truth about me Is a lifetime's work, but it is worth the effort No matter how h ard and painful it may be, at the end of the day it is still worth the try. Tofu Truth is something that one cannot hide. Eve retying happens tort a reason and is an answer for every question. God is always there by my side guiding, watching and helping me to put the puzzle pieces of my life in the correct place. Never lose hope. Have faith. Seek for the truth.

Foxconn Suicides

Apple Inc. the designer and maker of electronic products found itself in the middle of a scandal that was formed within its organizational ecosystem (Daft, 2012, p. 71). Starting in January 2010 employees at Foxconn an electronics manufacturer in China began to take their own lives in an attempt to bring attention to the poor working conditions, overcrowding, and long work hours (Daft, 2012, p. 108). These events are an example of actions or events that can originate within the international dimension of the external environment (Daft, 2012, p. 7). This event not only challenges the global mindset of the management within Apple, it forced the management to decide how the company wanted the public to continue to view it (Daft, 2012, p. 106). How will Apple’s management deal with the unethical practices at Foxconn? Apple’s management will benefit by applying the normative strategy in solving this ethical dilemma. By applying, the normative strategy Apple’s manageme nt can begin the process of solving this ethical dilemma by asking themselves the following questions. What's in it for me? What decision would lead to the greatest good for the greatest number? What rules, policies, or social norms apply? What are my obligations to others? What will be the long-term impact for myself and important stakeholders (Daft, 2012, p. 147)? In addition to the normative strategy, Apple’s managers can use a technique called stakeholder mapping, which would consider everyone’s needs, expectations, and importance (Daft, 2012, p. 151). Next, add in the model for evaluating Foxconn’s social performance by use of the following criteria’s: economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary, and finally the use of Apple’s written code of ethics will give Apple’s managers a starting point in which to evaluate and determine which course of action they will take to solve this ethical decision caused at Foxconn (Daft, 2012). Apple’s ethics problem with their contract manufacturer Foxconn forced the management into a non-programmed decision (Daft, 2012, p. 71). There are three types of decision models that Apple had at their disposal, the three models are classical, administrative, and political. The political model is used to make non-programmed decisions (Daft, 2012, p. 279). This decision model still required the Apple’s management team to use the six steps in managerial decision making which are: recognition decision requirement, diagnosis and analysis of the causes, development of alternatives, selection of desired alternatives, and mplementation of chosen the alternative (Daft, 2012, p. 282). The outcomes from these decision models and tools resulted in a supplier code of conduct. This document details the expectations that Apple expects from their suppliers. Within this document list: working conditions, safety concerns, and labor issues (Duhigg ; Barboza 2012). Foxconn improved working conditions, installed suicide nets, placed latches on the windows, and added jump prevention wire (Fallows, 2012). In addition to these life-saving steps, Foxconn agreed to hire thousands of additional workers in an effort to reduce overtime work hours, and they also improved housing and safety protocols (Reuters, 2012). Although improvements have been made at Foxconn, Apple must continue to apply pressure on Foxconn to resolve all of their unethical practices. Apple will have to pay close attention to who they use as contractors so that their public image do not suffer. Events in China during the year 2010 embarrassed the electronics maker Apple, Inc. These events forced Apple’s managers to make managerial decisions about ethical practices employed by an outside vendor. The managers at Apple Inc used a number of decision-making models and tools to resolve the ethical issues at Foxconn. In result of these decisions, working conditions, safety protocols, living conditions, and working hours improved.

Components of curriculum and curricular approaches Essay

Aims of Elementary education( education act of 1892) In the elementary level, schools through their curricula should aim to: Provide knowledge and develop skills, attitudes, values essential to personal development and necessary for living in and contributing to a developing and changing society; Provide learning experiences which increase the child’s awareness of and responsiveness o the changes in the society; Promote and intensify knowledge, identification with and love for the nation and the people to which he belong; and Promote work experiences which develop orientation to the world of work and prepare the learner to engage in honest and gaining work. Aims of Secondary education In high school or secondary level, educational curricula aim to: Continue to promote the objectives of elementary education; and Discover and enhance the different aptitudes and interests of students in order to equip them with skills for productive endeavor and or to prepare them for tertiary schooling. Aims of tertiary education Tertiary education refers to college and university formal education based on the curricula of the different courses. The different courses should aim to: Provide general education programs which will promote national identity, cultural consciousnes,moral integrity and spiritual vigor; Train the nation’s manpower in the skills required for national development; Develop the professions that will provide leadership for the nation; and Advance knowledge through research and apply new knowledge for improving the quality of human life and respond effectively to changing society. School’s Vision is a clear concept of what the institution would like to become in the future. -It is the guiding post around which all educational efforts including curricula should be directed. EXAMPLE 1.A model performing high school where students are equipped with knowledge, skills and strength of character to realize their potential to the fullest. School’s mission School’s mission statement, spells out how it tends to carry out its Vision. -The mission targets to produce the kind of persons the students will become after having been educated over a certain period of time. EXAMPLE 1.Commits to the total development of individuals for life adjustment and to the upliftment of the economically deprived but deserving students through quality instruction, updated facilities and curricula responsive to the needs of the times. School’s goals The school’s vision, and mission are further translated into goals which are broad statements or intents to be accomplished. EXAMPLE 1.Build a strong foundation of skills and concepts 2.Efficient and effective administration responsive of the needs of the university and community. Educational objectives Benjamin Bloom and Robert Mager Defined educational objectives in two ways: 1.Explicit formulations of the ways in which students are expected to be changed by the educative process, 2. Intent communicated by statement describing a proposed change in learners. Objectives direct the change in behavior which is the ultimate aim of learning. Three(3) big domains of objectives Cognitive Domain (Bloom et al 1956) – domain of thought process 1.Knowledge-recall, remembering of prior learned materials in terms of facts, concepts, theories and principles. 2.Comprehension-ability to grasp the meaning of material. 3.Application-the ability to use learned material in new and concrete situation. 4.Analysis-ability to break down material into component parts so that its organizational structure may be understood. 5.Synthesis-ability to put parts together to form a new whole. 6.Evaluation-ability to pass judgment on something based on given criteria. Affective Domain(Krathwohl, 1964) Domain of valuing, attitude and appreciation 1.Receiving-student’s willingness to pay attention to particular event, stimuli or classroom activities. 2.Responding-active participation on the part of the students. 3.Valuing-concerned with the worth or value a student attaches to a particular phenomena, object or behavior. 4.Organization-concerned with bringing together different values and building value system. 5.Characterization by a value system or value complex-developing a lifestyle from a value system. Psychomotor Domain(Simpson,1972) -domain of the use of psychomotor attributes. 1.Perception-use of sense organ to guide motor activities. 2.Set-refers to the readiness to take a particular type of action. 3.Guided response-concerned with the early stages in learning complex skills. 4.Mechanism-responses have become habitual. Performance skills are with ease and confidence. 5.Complex overt responses-skillful performance with complex movement patterns. 6.Adaptation-skill well developed that the ability to modify is very easy. 7.Origination-refers to creating new movements patterns to fit the situation. Component 2 CURRICULUM CONTENT OR SUBJECT MATTER Curriculum Specialists Content or subject –another term for knowledge. -It is a compendium of facts, concepts generalization, principles and theories. -This is the subject centered view of the curriculum. Gerome Bruner  Ã¢â‚¬Å"knowledge is a model we construct to give meaning and structure to regularities in experience. Example of the broad subject areas or general education. Communication Arts -It include skills in listening ,speaking, reading and writing as well as the effective use of language in daily living. Social Studies -Include basic elements of Geography, History, Sociology, Anthropology, Economics,Civics,Political Science and Psychology. What subject matter will be taught in the different clusters in order to achieve the ogjectives? What criteria should be used in selecting the content? Here are some criteria which can be utilized in the selection of subject matter content or knowledge for the curriculum. 1.Self-sufficiency -According to Scheffler (1970) the prime guiding principles for content selection is helping the learners to attain maximum self-sufficiency in learning but in the most economical manner. 2.Significance -When content or subject matter will contribute to basic idea, concepts ,principles and generalization to achieve the overall aim of the curriculum. 3.Validity -The authenticity of the subject matter. 4.Interest -For learner-centered curriculum,this the key.A learner will value the content it it is meaningful to him or her. 5.Utility -Usefulness of the content or subject matter may be relative to the learner who is going to use it. 6.Learnability -Subject matter should be within the range of the experiences of the learners. 7.Feasibility – The subject matter or content be learned within the time allowed, resources available, expertise of the teacher and the nature of the learners. There are other considerations that may be used in the selection Of the learning content. As a guide, subject matter or content can be selected for use if these are: a. frequently and commonly used in daily life; b. suited to the maturity levels and abilities of students; c. valuable in the meeting need and the competencies of a future career; d. important in the transfer of learning. In organizing or putting together the different learning contents- Palma,1992 PRINCIPLES BALANCE -Curriculum content should be fairly distributed in depth and breadth of the particular learning area or discipline. ARTICULATION -When each level of subject matter is smoothly connected to the next, glaring gaps and wasteful overlaps in the subject matter will be avoided. SEQUENCE -The logical arrangement of the subject matter. INTEGRATON -The horizontal connections are needed in subject areas that are similar so that learning will be related to one another. CONTINUITY -The constant repetition, review and reinforcement of learning. COMPONENT 3 CURRICULUM EXPERIENCES This section will link instructional strategies and methods to curriculum experiences, the core or the heart of the curriculum -The instructional strategies and methods will put into action the goals and use the contents in order to produce an outcome. -The action are based on planned objectives, the subject matter to be taken and the support materials to be used.  Teaching methods ( time-tested methods,inquiry approaches,contructivist and others). Educational activities( field viewing, conducting experiments, interacting with computer programs, field trips and other experiential learning) Some guide for the selection and use of methods 1.Teaching methods are means to achieve the end.They are used to translate the objectives into action. 2.There is no single best teaching method. Its effectiveness will depend on the learning objectives, the learners and skill of the teacher. 3.Teaching methods should stimulate the learners desire to develop the cognitive,affective ,psychomotor, social and spiritual domain of individual. 4.In the choice of the teaching methods, learning styles of the students should be considered. 5.Every method should lead to the development of the learning outcomes in the three domains:cognitive,affective and psychomotor. 6. Fexibility should be a consideration in the use of the teaching methods. COMPONENT 4 CURRICULUM EVALUATION Worthen and Sanders -all curricula to be effective must have the element of evaluation. Curriculum evaluation -refer to the formal determination of the quality, effectiveness or value of the program, process, product of the curriculum. Tuckman(1985) -define evaluation as meeting the goals and matching them with the intended outcomes. Model of evaluation Stufflebeams’s CIPP -In CIPP, the process is continuous and is very important to curriculum managers like principals, supervisors, department head, deans and even teachers. C-context I- Input P-Process P-Product Context -refers to the environment of the curriculum. The real situation where the curriculum is operating is its context. Input -refers to the ingredients of the curriculum which include the goals, instructional strategies, the learners, the teacher, the contents and all the material needed. Process -refers to the ways and means of how the curriculum has been implemented.. Product -indicates if the curriculum objectives accomplishes its goals. Suggested plan of action for the process of curriculum evaluation 1.Focus on one particular component of the curriculum. -Will be the subject area,the grade level,the course,or the degree program? Specify the objectives of evaluation. 2.Coolect or gather the information. -Information is made up of data needed regarding the object of evaluation 3.Organize the information. This step will require coding,organizing,storing and retreiving data for interpretation. 4.Analyze information -An appropriate way of analyzing will be utilized. 5.Report the information -The result of evaluation should be reported to specific audiences. Reporting can be done formally in conference with stakeholders, or informally through roundtable discussions and conversations. 6.Recycle the information for continuous feedback, modification and adjustments to be made. CURRICULAR APPROACHES Behavioral Approach Frederick Taylor Anchored on the behaviorist principles, behavioral approach to curriculum is usually based on a blueprint. in the blueprint, goals and objectives are specified, contents and activities are also arranged to match with learning objectives. Managerial approach The managerial approach became a dominant curriculum approach in the 1950’s and 1960’s.The principal is the curriculum leader at the same time instructional leader who is supposed to ne the general manager. The general manager sets the policies and priorities, establishes the direction of change and innovation, and planning and organizing curriculum and instruction. Curriculum managers look at curriculum changes and innovations a they administer the resources and restructure the schools. Some of the roles of the Curriculum supervisors (Ornstein and hunkins,2004) 1.Help develop the school’s education goals. 2.Plan curriculum with students,parents,teachers and other stakeholders. 3.Design programs of study by grade levels. 4.Plan or schedule classes or school calendar. 5.Prepare curriculum guides or teacher guides by grade level or subject area. 6.Help in the evaluation and selection of textbooks. 7.Observe teachers. 8.Assist teachers in the implementation of the curriculum. 9.Encourage curriculum innovation and change. 10.Develop standards for curriculum and instructional evaluation System approach The system approach to curriculum was influenced by system theory. In this approach the parts of the total school district or school are examined in terms of how they relate to each other. The organizational chart of the scholl represents a systems approach. George Beauchamp -The system theory of education see the following to be of equal importance are 1.adminstration 2.counseling 3.curriculum 4.instruction and 5.evaluation Humanistic approach This approached is rooted in the progressive philosophy and child-centered movement. This approach considers the formal or planned curriculum and the informal or hidden curriculum. It considers the whole child and believes that in curriculum the total development of the individual is the prime consideration. The learner is at the center of the curriculum

Character Analysis Of Shakespeare Romeo And Juliet English Literature Essay

Character Analysis Of Shakespeare Romeo And Juliet English Literature Essay Juliet, daughter of Lord and Lady Capulet is beautiful and begins the play by being naà ¯ve about love and marriage. As she enters her teenage life she appears innocent with a remarkable character. She feels affection for Romeo, the son of Montague’s, their greatest enemy. She goes into great lengths disobeying her parents and even forging her own death, just to be with Romeo Montague. At the Capulet party, Juliet meets with Romeo and she falls for him even though she had agreed to marry Parris. However, she is suspicious of his intentions as he is from an unfriendly family, Montague. To prove the sincerity of his love for her, she requests him to marry her. Juliet’s love for Romeo makes her to forgive him when he kills her cousin, Tybalt. She opts to marry Romeo even though it is risky than to marry Paris. Juliet also shows a new stage of maturity by forgiving her nurse’s disloyalty and breaks her parents bond as well as her nurse’s. Though suicide is c onsidered as a negative option in life matters, Juliet uses it to demonstrate the strength and dedication of her love for Romeo. Juliet loves: This is shown when Juliet decides to marry Romeo, a Montague, from family enemy. She agrees to marry him because of the undying affection she feels for him, even though, she was supposed to marry Parris. Also because of her coming from a noble family she lacks freedom to wander around the city unlike Romeo. At midnight she climbs over walls and also gets into midnight swordfights. This also demonstrates her courageousness. Because of her love, she forgives Romeo for killing her cousin. Although suicide is at all times an unconstructive choice, for Juliet it is her last demonstration of the power and dedication of her love for Romeo. Juliet is forgiving: She forgives her love Romeo who had killed her cousin Tybalt. Her courageousness is also seen when she entrusts her whole life to Romeo and not believing the worst reports about him when he ge ts into a fight with her cousin. She is also able to shut her confidant, her nurse out of her life when she turns her back to Romeo. The nurse is considered a comic and vulgar figure in the play. She makes lewd comments and lengthy speeches which help to provide breaks in the tension of the misfortunes happening. The nurse loves Juliet so much than her mother and goes beyond anything to make Juliet happy. She cared for Juliet her entire life. As a result, she accepts to be the mediator between Romeo and Juliet. She organizes a wedding night and helps the two to get married. However, she is unable to understand the reason for Juliet endangering her life for Romeo; she prefers her leaving a relationship that is not easy to maintain and marry Parris who has a soft life. To her, love is sexual and practical unlike Juliet refers to love as passionate and idealistic. The nurse’s advice to Juliet is considered as betrayal and costs their friendship. Due to this, Juliet decides to es cape than confiding in her closest advocate. Similar to everyone else in the play, the nurse faces failure and sorrow.

Lack of staff training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Lack of staff training - Essay Example The training and development of staff is predominantly based on the fact that staff skills bear direct relation with the growth of the organization and the requirement to grow the skill is to make the organization grow. Training is regarded as a systematic way of developing knowledge, attitudes and skills of employees to help them perform to the best of their abilities in their respective job roles. The new recruits in organizations have many different skills and may be specialised in a variety of specializations. However, the skills may not be as per the organizational needs and requirements. This is where the need for training and development finds importance in the organizational context. It helps the staff in taking the organization towards its goals and destinations. This project aims to address the issues which might arise due to the lack of staff training in organizations (Olaniyan & Ojo, 2008, p.326). Training, both socially, physically, mentally and intellectually are consid ered to be extremely important for facilitating the productivity of the organization and also for development of the personnel in the organization. ... The organization chosen for the purpose is the Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) which has decided to make investments in the training and development of its staff (WHICH, 2011). The literature review brings forth the supportive and contradicting arguments for the topic. The study also makes a primary research on the topic. This is done by using the method of questionnaire. Finally the data collected is analysed and based on the analysis the project makes suitable recommendations for the same (Olaniyan & Ojo, 2008, p.326). Chapter 1: Literature Review The demand of the marketplace for quality, speed, customization, punctuality, and variety or services and products has been responsible for dramatically changing the landscape for conducting business across the world. Technology usage, the relentless speed with which technology has been changing and upgrading it, skills which the workplaces demand have completely changed the corporate scenario. The increased pressure which has been coming fr om these factors is acting as the driving force behind the constant search for improved and better performance. This is applicable for the smallest and simplest of tasks to the most complex corporate strategies in organizations today. The nature of this dynamic learning and performance of individuals especially at the management levels have been responsible for converting it into a rat race which does not have a finish line. The broader perspective shows that the individual learning and performance acts as the prime factor which keeps organizations ahead or behind their competitors (Kunneman, Key & Sleezer, 2000, p.40). In the year 1998, a study was conducted by the Training Magazine in US reported that organizations in the nation had been

World History I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World History I - Essay Example Questia is the world's largest online library of books and journal articles. Both sites are academic in nature, with no special interests. What is the site's purpose Wikipedia is designed to provide browsers with access to encyclopedic articles on a wide variety of topics. Like any encyclopedia, its purpose is academic and informational. Similarly, Questia is a full-service online library with books and journal articles, as well as newspaper and limited magazine articles. It is also designed to be an academic topic research source to paying subscribers (it has a free trial available to new users). How is the site listed Both sites are obtainable through standard internet search engines by either typing in a subject for research or the names of the organizations themselves. Both are replete with referenced material and reliable antecedents, as well as full citation information. Some sources on the sites include links to the publisher or author. Who is likely to use the site On Wikipedia, the intended audience appears to be those with general interests who need basic information. It is written on a high school level, has graphics and maps where relevant, and active links within the articles for additional research.

Advance Accounting Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Advance Accounting Theory - Essay Example he traditional budgeting is the performance budgeting where the budgeting is done on the basis of the evaluation of the performance at the end of the financial year which can affect the preparation of budget since the preparation of budget at the end of the year can result in the deficiencies since under traditional budgeting the budget is prepared on the basis of the historical cost and on the basis of the past data and information and traditional budgeting is unfavourable for establishing cost and benefit relationship since the process of traditional budgeting is very complex in nature. 15 The concept of beyond budgeting have been introduced in order to overcome the deficiencies of the traditional budgeting which explains that beyond budgeting is considered as the most appropriate method of budgeting which includes responsiveness, flexibility and coordination. The concept of beyond budgeting has been introduced in order to abandon the concept of traditional budgeting since the beyond budgeting will focus on both financial as well as on non financial measures. This process of beyond budgeting is required to focus and establish standards or benchmarks and identify its competitors rather than framing or establishing its internal targets. The concept of beyond budgeting has become popular in the recent years among the various multinational companies for example a Scandinavian bank has adopted the concept of beyond budgeting which has facilitated the bank to undergo cultural change from establishing of budgets to setting of targets and the improvement in the performance th at has resulted in the cutting down of cost. Beyond budgeting has facilitated each unit to have different and separate profit centre. Therefore beyond budgeting is considered as an important budgeting that will overcome the limitations and the disadvantages of the traditional budgeting (Hope and Fraser, 2003). 16 In the light of recent trends, companies voluntarily furnish their social activities

Biblical 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biblical 2 - Essay Example They became what we know now as the Twelve Apostles. This started with the calling of Peter and Andrew (Matthew 4:18-20). He told these two men and the ten after them that He’s going to teach them to become more than fishermen that catches fish in the sea. He taught these men how to become fishers of men inviting them to leave their families and the life that they know in order to help Jesus bring to the people the Kingdom of God. These Twelve Apostles were in parallelism with the Twelve Tribes of Israel of the Old Testament. His act of establishing the core of His Ministry showed He recognized His need of help. With them, Jesus started his Galilean Ministry, establishing the groundwork of working His way through preaching and healing people (Redford). With them, he made sure that His teachings will carry on even when He has gone from the earth. While gathering His Apostles, He was also gathering a public ministry which consisted of people who readily accepted His miracles and the doubtful who wanted to see more so they can believe in His works are the works of God and not of the Devil. Jesus loved to teach using parables, using the lessons and hidden messages to interpret and characterize the Kingdom of God and how the people should act to receive the blessing of being accepted in the Kingdom of God. One of His most famous teachings happened during the Sermon on the Mount or what is called The Beatitudes (Matthew 5:1-20, 38-48). The Beatitudes represented the standard of conduct of the people who would become the citizens of the Kingdom of God (Redford). It described how people should act in order to gain entry into the Kingdom and to maintain a life there. Jesus’ lessons described mainly how people should repent and act in order to cleanse themselves and be worthy of the Kingdom of God. His teachings, particularly the Beatitudes showed people that those who are

Real Property Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Real Property Market - Essay Example The Centerpoint Properties in the Chicago area and AIG Global Red Estate Investment in New York was involved in an Atlanta development wherein a century-old steel mill covering more than 130 acres of prime downtown property was converted to mixed-use consisting of retail, office, and residential development. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has designated the project for its excellence in leadership program since it encourages pedestrian traffic to and from the various uses, and its proximity to mass transit will limit traffic congestion. (Rising, 2001) The third contribution of the real estate industry is its promotion of energy conservation. Residential and commercial buildings account for more than one-third of total U.S. energy consumption. Working with the Environmental Protection Agency and the US Department of Energy, these leaders developed a program that recognizes commercial buildings which meet strict energy and environmental criteria that place them in the top 25% of all comparable buildings. The first 100 buildings to earn the Federal government's Energy Star rating were awarded in 2000. The Federal Energy Star Building Label program has been successful. The program served as an incentive for companies to build or renovate as many Energy Star buildings as possible. Arden and Equity Office Properties have in their respective portfolios more than half the buildings that have earned Federal Energy Stars nationwide. By making energy-efficiency investments in their buildings, these and other companies have experienced impor tant energy savings that accrue to their tenants and make the overall buildings more valuable. The environmental advantages of building multi-unit residences lie in the opportunities to share spaces and functions. This form of sharing reduces one's footprint because it reduces one's overall consumption. For example, every family need not have its own exercise and laundry facilities. (Paehlke, 2004) Another benefit is the social advantages of living in a community with spaces and things in common. Great architectural design which respects that yearning for privacy is also capable of bringing community residents together in shared gardens and playgrounds. (Ratcliffe, 2001) Real estate developers focus on location as it has an impact on price, profit and value. Proximity to employment, schools, shopping and entertainment are important. Hence, the more people that live in proximity to essential services, the more compact and vital the city, and the greater the opportunity for sustainable behaviour such as public transit use. (Ball, et.al., 1998) When proximity is high, more people are can use the transit, walk and cycle. Jeffrey Kenworthy and Peter Newman (1998) showed that there is a direct and consistent correlation between the compactness of cities and the proportion of people deciding to use public transit. The European cities such as Paris, Munich and London which have overall employment and residential densities that are higher than Chicago and New York record double the transit use and half the automobile use. Their studies have shown that when proximity is high, automobile use is low. Compact urban design as in the High Park areas in Toronto or the West End in Vancouver makes sense, both economically and

Web advertising.Dominant advertising strategies Essay

Web advertising.Dominant advertising strategies - Essay Example The web advertising industry has expanded and continues to evolve almost every day. According to a recent projection from Jupiter Communications, global online ad spending is expected to expand from $7 billion in 2000 to almost $28 billion by 2005. Online ad spending represents almost 6% of total advertising expenditures in 2005, up from 2% in 2000 (Flores, 2000). T This is due to the fact that web advertising is distinct from other mediums in a way that it enables consumers to directly get interested with the advertisement. A consumer can click with his or her mouse on the ad for more information, or take the next step and purchase the product in the same online session (Sung, 2000). Web advertising also gives advertisers the opportunity to specifically target an audience, enabling them to target advertisements that are customized to each consumer's buying patterns or interest (Sung, 2000).1. Ideal Kids. The kids in commercials are often a little older and a little more perfect than the target audience of the ad. They are, in other words, role models for what the advertiser wants children in the target audience to think they want to be like. A commercial that is targeting eight year-olds, for instance, will show 11 or 12 year-old models playing with an eight year old's toy (Common Advertising Strategies).2. Heart Strings. Commercials often create an emotional ambience that draws consumers into the advertisement and makes them feel good. The McDonald's commercials featuring father and daughter eating out together, or the AT&T Reach Out and Touch Someone ads are good examples. Consumers are more attracted by products that make us feel good (Common Advertising Strategies). 3. Amazing Toys. Many toy commercials show their toys in life-like fashion, doing incredible things. Airplanes do loop-the-loops and cars do wheelies, dolls cry and spring-loaded missiles hit gorillas dead in the chest. This would be fine if the toys really did these things (Common Advertising Strategies). 4. Life-like Settings. Barbie struts her stuff on the beach with waves crashing in the background, space aliens fly through dark outer space and all-terrain vehicles leap over rivers and trenches (Common Advertising Strategies). 5. Sounds Good. Music and other sound effects add to the excitement of commercials. Sound can make toys seem more life-like or less life-like, as in a music video. Either way, they help set the mood advertisers want (Common Advertising Strategies). 6. Cute Celebrities. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles sell pizza. Spuds McKenzie sells beer. "Joe Cool" camel sells cigarettes. All of these are ways of helping children identify with products either now or for the future (Common Advertising Strategies). 7. Selective Editing. Selective editing is used in all commercials, but especially in commercials for athletic toys like frisbees or footballs. Commercials show only brilliant catches and perfect throws. Unfortunately, that's not the way most children experience these toys (Common Advertising Strategies). 8. Family Fun. "This is something the whole family can do together!" or "This is something Mom will be glad to buy for you." Many commercials show parents enjoying their children's fun as if the toy will bring more family togetherness (Common Advertising Strategies). 9. Excitement! Watch the expressions on children's faces. Never a dull moment, never boring. "This toy is the most fun since fried bananas!" they seem to say (Common Advertising Strategies). 10. Star Power. Sports heroes, movie stars, and teenage heart throbs tell children what to eat and what to wear. Children listen, not realizing that the star is paid handsomely for the endorsement (Common Adverti

CritiqueCitations writings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CritiqueCitations writings - Essay Example These characteristics are complementary rather than divisive. Narrow definitions can be misleading, too particularly focused missions can be self-defeating, and neglect for the bigger picture can result in disastrous consequences. In the modern era, despite occasional protests to the contrary, leadership is best demonstrated in terms of flexibility, ethical behavior, perseverance, and a consideration for the effects of every decision and course of action. This essay will set forth a definition which encapsulates the innate qualities of leadership as envisioned by Badaracco, incorporate notions of ethics into the larger conceptual framework of leadership, examine the idea that leaders ought to be concerned with the welfare of others, and agree with the proposition that organizations are fluid rather than static creatures. Whether leaders are made or born is perhaps a tangential and irrelevant consideration; innate characteristics, whether hormonal or environmentally-instilled, must give way to a more individualistic analysis. Leadership, to be sure, is measured both objectively and subjectively. However one measures leadership, the fact is that some leaders excel and achieve goals; others, just as surely, fail to accomplish the goals set by themselves and the targets set by other concerned individuals and organizations. There is a persuasive school of thought, a very real theoretical underpinning in the field of leadership, which attempts to link successful leadership and motivation causally. This school thought is represented by commentators like Badaracco, whom has stated that Only people driven by strong motives are likely to make real progress in a world that is often an unpredictable and confusing place, in which trust is fragile and lots of people play for keeps. Merely thinking that something should be done is not enough. Quiet leaders want to act responsibly and ethically, but to do so they usually have to persevere and improvise, often over long periods. To have any hope of achieving their aims, their motives have to be good enough and strong enough" (2002: 42). There is, in Badaracco's view, a need to identify choices, to consider options pursuant to certain guiding motives or values, and to commit to courses of action in a prolonged and committed fashion. This suggestion, the need to commit to a course of action, is increasingly difficult in a world characterized by imperfect information, conflicting philosophies, and frequent dishonesty. Indeed, as stated by Aditya and House, this often places the role of leadership into the risk-taking arena (1997: 412). Leaders must, in short, be confident enough, have strong enough goals and motives, and be willing to steer their organization through challenging obstacles. This risk-taking relates well to Badaracco's advice; more specifically, goals must be both legitimate and pursued with vigor if they are to be attained in the modern era. 1.2 The Significance of Ethics and Fundamental Values More than ever before, there are leaders, scholars, and commentators whom advocate an incorporation of a fundamental set of values and an ethical framework for guiding leadership decisions. The incorporation of these value-based components is not universally accepted, but the trend is clearly

Civil liberties during war-time Essay Example for Free

Civil liberties during war-time Essay Civil Liberties are for example freedom of speech and freedom of the press as defined by the first amendment. These freedoms have been challenged by the threat of war, but should they be taken away because of it? The first amendment states that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. These are our civil liberties that we are promised as citizens of the U.S. In the past these liberties have been interfered with. The main cause for this interference was war. The government wanted to abolish any chances of treason or leaking of information to the enemies and to do this they passed act such as the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Alien and Sedition Acts made it illegal to write, print, speak, or publish anything false or untrue about to United States. We can understand how certain precautions must be made to insure safety in times of war but to go so far as to take away our freedoms are out of bounds. There are numerous other ways to make us safe without interfering with our liberties. For example: tighter security. After 9/11 security became very tight at airports and other areas where terrorists might be able to enter the country. Although this extra security was tedious and time consuming to get through, it was well within the lines of the 1st amendment because it did not take away any of our freedoms. I do not believe that our civil liberties should be taken away during wartime. This is a democracy and should remain one whether engaged in war or not. The government can think of more ways to protect us other than limiting our freedoms of speech or of the press, and certainly without interfering with our privacy unless there is just cause to do so.

The Incarnation Of Jesus Christ

The Incarnation Of Jesus Christ Introduction The incarnation of Jesus Christ has been a subject of attention from the earliest decades of the formation of the Christian Church. It has not been without its subsequent controversies. Several early councils were convened to address the various issues regarding the Godhead and in particular, the person and nature of Christ. Of these, the fourth great council of Chalcedon established the parameters of the person and nature of Christ in the orthodox view.  [1]  In an attempt to articulate the person and nature of Christ, the German theologian Gottfried Thomasius published a work between 1853 and 1861 entitled: Christi Person und Werk (Christs Person and Work).  [2]  In this essay, Thomasius called attention to the Greek word kenosis found in Philippians 2:7 in demonstrating his theory of the emptying of Christ during the incarnation. Thomasius view of kenosis contributed considerably to the interest in the incarnation principles of Christology. His work became the basis for fu rther studies into what is more commonly called Kenotic theology. This paper will attempt to show that Thomasius view of kenosis is not completely consistent with the formula of Chalcedon and did not adequately comply with the orthodox principles of the incarnation. Development of Systematic Theology As the early church began to grow so did varying opinions as men began to think about the doctrines of scripture in a systematic way. Was Jesus God? First-century Christians saw that the answer was not simple. Nature is not simple, so why then should we expect the Creator of nature be simple?  [3]   Within the first four hundred years of Christianity there arose six major heresies and they all involved an aspect of the person of Christ.  [4]  Then, as now, there are doctrines, which men wrestle with and that still divide themselves over. Even today there are those who would say that some things are too complex to fully understand such as Robertson McQuilkin who said, As we approach the Bible intent on discovering all the truth God intends for us to understand, we should examine our expectations and attitudes, as there are limitations on what is possible.  [5]   Not withstanding, it is the obligation of every Christian to search out the truths of Gods word and to faithfully study it in order to build a competent system of beliefs. With regard to the person and nature of Christ, the words of Millard Erickson ring all the more true when he said, All departures from the orthodox doctrine of the person of Christ are simply variations of one of these [six] heresies. While we may have difficulty specifying exactly the content of this doctrine, full fidelity to teaching of Scripture will carefully avoid each of these distortions.  [6]   The Council of Chalcedon The early councils of the Christian church were ecumenical gatherings of church leaders and scholars who were brought together in order to address the issues that divided the church and sought to set forth declarations that defined the proper understanding of these controversial theological issues that had an impact on the church. Each of the great councils formulated certain dogma about these issues of controversy, which then became the orthodox view of the Christian church. Concerning the first great council of Nicea, Norman Geisler states, The Nicene Creed (A.D. 325) states the uniform belief of all orthodox Christianity that Christ was fully God and fully Man. All heresies regarding Christ deny one or the other of these.  [7]  One of the utmost important issues to the Church was, and rightfully should have been, a proper understanding of the person and nature of Christ. In regard to the council of Chalcedon, which was convened in 451, J. H. Hall wrote: The work of Chalcedon can be understood only in the light of a series of Christological declarations beginning with the Council of Nicea (325). The Nicene Creed declared that Christ is of the same divine substance with the Father, against Arius, who taught that Christ had a beginning and was only of similar substance. The Council of Constantinople (381) both ratified and refined the Nicene Creed, in opposition to continuing Arianism, and declared against Apollinarianism, which stated that Christs human soul had been replaced by the divine Logos. Moreover, Constantinople declared that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son.  [8]   As questions continued to grow about the nature of Christ in the incarnation, so did controversy. The preceding councils established the churches opinion with regard to the deity of Christ that He is indeed of the same substance as the father. Later questions arose with respect to the human side and divine side of the nature of Christ. The Nestorian view held to a separation of the two natures of Christ as opposed to the Eutychian view, which theorized that Christ had only one nature.  [9]  The Nestorian view was rejected at the council of Ephesus but Eutychianism was later embraced. Seeing the continued discord, Pope Leo I instigated Emperor Marcion to call a new council and it was decided that it would be held in the city of Chalcedon. The Council of Chalcedon achieved three important things. J.H. Hall states, First, it reaffirmed the Nicene tradition; second, it accepted as orthodox the letters of Cyril and Leo; and third, it provided a definition of the faith.  [10]  Hall continues, There existed two overarching concerns- maintenance of the unity of Christs person and establishment of the two natures of Christ.  [11]   The Catechetical Lectures of S. Cyril of Jerusalem attribute a section of Epiphanius, Ancoratus, 118, c. AD 374, as being that which contained the Nicene creed which was read and approved at Chalcedon.  [12]  What Chalcedon effectively achieved was setting forth certain parameters about the nature of Christ. That which is formulated to the understanding of these two natures must therefore fall within these parameters in order to remain orthodox. In setting these parameters of orthodoxy, certain attributes must be maintained. One of the most important issues involves immutability. The Definition of Chalcedon sustained the continued immutability of Christ. The council declaration was as follows: Therefore, following the holy Fathers, we all with one accord teach men to acknowledge one and the same Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, at once complete in Godhead and complete in manhood, truly God and truly man, consisting also of a reasonable soul and body; of one substance with the Father as regards his Godhead, and at the same time of one substance with us as regards his manhood; like us in all respects, apart from sin; as regards his Godhead, begotten of the Father before the ages, but yet as regards his manhood begotten, for us men and for our salvation, of Mary the Virgin, the God-bearer; one and the same Christ, Son, Lord, Only-begotten, recognized in two natures, without confusion, without change, without division, without separation; the distinction of natures being in no way annulled by the union, but rather the characteristics of each nature being preserved and coming together to form one person and subsistence, not as parted or separated into two persons, but one and the sa me son and Only-begotten God the Word, Lord Jesus Christ; even as the prophets from earliest times spoke of him, and our Lord Jesus Christ himself taught us, and the creed of the Fathers has handed down to us.  [13]   The Chalcedonian Creed provided the church with a statement that Christ indeed possessed two distinct natures, both a human side and divine side and that he existed in one person in an unchangeable way.  [14]   Gottfried Thomasiuss view of kenosis In the first part of the 19th century, when Ferdinand Baur became professor of theology at Germanys Tubingen University, he [following in the footsteps of G.W.F. Hegel] began in earnest to attack the historical credibility of the New Testament and in particular the Gospel of John.  [15]  But after a series of textual and archeological finds, Adolf von Harnack, who himself once sympathized with Baur, rejected his assumptions stating in 1897 that, The assumptions of Baurs school, one can almost say, are now wholly abandoned.  [16]  This confrontation sparked by the rise of modern criticism produced many such debates and it serves to illustrate the theological climate within which Gottfried Thomasius and other German theologians wrote. Gottfried Thomasius was a Lutheran theologian who in the mid-eighteen hundreds, attempted to develop an acceptable Christology that could withstand the criticism of his day.  [17]  In an attempt to do so, he published his Christi Person und Werk. David Law states, The first edition of Christi Person und Werk appeared between 1853 and 1861. Because of the criticism leveled at the early volumes of the first edition, Thomasius began revisions for the second edition before all three volumes of the first edition had appeared. The second edition was published between 1856 and 1863. A third and abridged edition, edited after Thomasiuss death by F.J. Winter, was published between 1886 and 1888, but it is the second edition that is regarded as the mature and authoritative statement of Thomasisus kenotic Christology.  [18]   Subsequent publications showed Thomasiuss efforts to expound on his notion of kenosis. David Law states, In Beitrag Thomasius argued that the tensions within Lutheran Christology could be resolved only by reformulating the doctrine of the person of Christ in terms of a self-limitation of the Logos.  [19]  In essence this self-limitation is the idea behind Thomasiuss view of kenosis. Law gives a more defined description of this idea stating, It was above all Thomasiuss contribution to kenotic Christology that established him as a major theologian. The noun kenosis and the adjective kenotic are derived from the use of the term ekenosen in Phil. 2:7, where we read of Christ Jesus who, though he was in the form of God, did not regard equality with God as something to be exploited, but emptied himself [heauton ekenosen], taking the form of a servant, being born in human likeness. On the basis of the use of the term ekenosen in this text, kenosis has come to be used as shorthand for a series of issues arising from the claim that Christ is both truly divine and truly human. How can divinity and humanity coexist in the one, united person of Christ without undermining the integrity of either nature? Kenotic christologies are those christologies which attempt to address this problem by arguing that Christ emptied himself of some aspect of his divine nature in order to become a human being.  [20]   The notion of Christ emptying himself of some aspect of the divine nature in an act of self-limitation has serious significance and questions the immutability of God the Son. This comes into direct contradiction with the statement of Chalcedon in several key areas. First, Chalcedon established that the incarnation of Christ did not change, effect or diminish any attributes of deity Christ had before the incarnation. He is without changeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [21]  . Secondly, Chalcedon affirmed the distinction of natures, being no way annulled by the union, but rather the characteristics of each nature, being preserved and coming together to form one person and subsistenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.  [22]  The orthodox view is that the incarnation of Christ did not constitute a loss of any aspect of his divine nature, through the act of kenosis or any other such theory. Kenotic Theology Although Thomasiuss influence and that of kenotic Christology in general gave way in Germany in the 1880s to Ritschlianism, kenotic Christology enjoyed a second flowering in Britain.  [23]  In the years following, interest would subside but then unexpectedly grow again as theologians once again reexamine the kenotic theory. In recent years there has been a renewed interest in kenotic Christology (see, for example, Evans, 2006). Any current attempt to formulate a coherent and viable kenotic Christology will need to return to Thomasiuss work, above all to his Christi Person und Werk.  [24]  . In Christian Theology Millard Erickson gives his definition of kenoticism stating, The second Person of the Trinity laid aside his distinctly divine attributes (omnipotence, omnipresence, etc.), and took on human qualities instead.  [25]  In this view, Jesus is not God and man simultaneously, but successively. Kenoticism implies that Jesus is both God and man, just not at the same time.  [26]   Others have thought to develop the position of kenoticism in not such an abrogated way. Instead they incorporate the idea into a more mild form of kenotic theology. In a review of Michael J. Gormans Inhabiting the Cruciform God: Kenosis, Justification, and Theosis in Pauls Narrative Soteriology, Timothy G. Gombis of Cedarville University states, In chapter 1, Gorman develops Pauls master story that demonstrates the kenotic character of Jesus Christ and reveals the very identity of God as kenotic. He focuses on Phil 2:5-11 and argues, based on a thorough exegetical treatment of the passage, that the pattern although [x] not [y] but [z] reveals the narrative trajectory of the kenosis of Jesus. By this, Gorman means although [status] not [selfishness] but [selflessness] (p.16). Jesus Christ had status as God himself but did not exploit this, using it for his own comfort of personal gain. Rather, he pursued several progressively degrading positions on a movement of downward mobility, going eventually to the publicly shameful death on a cross (pp. 16-17). For Gorman, this passage is not properly understood to mean that Christ did this despite the fact that he was in the form of God. Rather, Christ pursued this path because he was in the form of God. In other words, and this is a crucial point for Gorman, Christs being in the form of God is most clearly seen in his self-emptying and self-expenditure (p. 25). In this sense, the very character of God is kenotic (self-emptying) and cruciform (cross-shaped).  [27]   In this passage, the reviewer (Gombis) notes that the author (Gorman) thinks the kenotic passages are not clearly understood. Noting this misrepresentation, he suggests a proper view of kenotic theology. Whether or not Gorman is true in his assumptions remains speculative however it does illustrate the contemporary effort to redefine the implications inherent in kenotic theology. Classical Theology The more classical view of the person and nature of Christ are theologies based more on the Chalcedonian formula and are replete in the theological community. Some theologians have attempted to address the problem of formulating an acceptable understanding of the human and divine nature of Christ always keeping a wary eye upon the parameters of the orthodox or Chalcedonian understanding of the incarnation. From the abstract of Robin Le Poidevins Identity and the composite Christ: an Incarnational delemma, the author states, One way of understanding the reduplicative formula Christ is, qua God, omniscient, but qua man, limited in knowledge is to take the occurrences of the qua locution as picking out different parts of Christ: a divine part and a human part. But this view of Christ as a composite being runs into paradox when combined with the orthodox understanding, adopting a philosophically and theologically contentious perdurantist account of persistence through time, or rejecting altogether the idea of the composite Christ.  [28]   Here the author points out a formula of Christology of the human and divine natures but at the same time, recognizes that it conflicts paradoxically with the Chalcedonian parameters of the incarnation. In this respect, many theologians still show deference to and recognize the importance of the Chalcedonian councils definitive statement. The Chalcedonian parameters have been a staple in guiding theological thought for centuries. George P. Pardington, who was a well-esteemed professor of theology among the Christian Alliance, makes this clear. In his theology primer Outline Studies in Christian Doctrine, He deals with passages in Philippians 2:6,7 and other verses that show the nature of the preexistence of Christ and the incarnations, stating, These and other phrases express ineffable relationships within the Godhead, which we cannot comprehend. On Phil. 2:6 Thayers Greek Lexicon says: Form (Greek, morphe) is that by which a person or thing strikes the vision, the external appearance. There is nothing in this passage, which teaches that the Eternal Word (John 1:1) emptied Himself of either His divine nature of His attributes, but only of the outward visible manifestation of the Godhead. He emptied, stripped Himself, of the insignia of Majesty (Lightfoot). When occasion demanded, He exercised His divine attributes (Moorehead).  [29]   Pardingtons view of the kenotic passages in no way contradicts the Chalcedonian parameters since Christ did not give up any of his divine nature or attributes. Contemporary Debate Roger Olsen has noted that the differing opinions among evangelicals. He states, Kenotic Christology-emphasizing the need to take with utmost seriousness Jesus true humanity, including limited consciousness- has made significant inroads among evangelicals, while other evangelical theologians have resisted and criticized it.  [30]  Olsen continues to describe what he characterizes as a very heated debate among more progressive and conservative Evangelicals stating, As recently as the mid-1990s heresy charges were thrown by conservative evangelicals at more moderate and progressive ones who dared to use the kenotic motif in writing about the incarnation.  [31]   Theologians who reaffirm the Chalcedon formula would be Bernard Ramm and Carl Henry.  [32]  Examples of some who are more outspoken against kenoticism would be Thomas V, Morris, Donald Bloesch, Millard Erickson and Stanley Grenz.  [33]  While Grenz is somewhat critical of kenotic theology, he nevertheless does not espouse the traditional Chalcedon formula either.  [34]  Olsen states, Two evangelical theologians who have attempted to push the frontiers of Christology are Clark Pinnock and Stanley Grenz. Both affirm that Jesus Christ is truly God and truly human, but they are dissatisfied with the classical expression of that belief in Chalcedonian Christology (hypostatic union). They are not so much interested in rejecting it as in supplementing it with new and more helpful thought forms. People today, they argue, are not as tuned as ancient people were to the substance ontologies of Greek metaphysics, and the times call for a new expression of the doctrine of Jesus Christs humanity and divinity.  [35]   While the purpose of this paper is not to critique the various forms of Christology espoused by many theologians among the ranks of evangelicals (and they are many), it is however concerned with the classical Chalcedonian formula of the incarnation, and whether or not kenotic theology adheres to it and why this is important. While there are those who strongly support the Chalcedonian formula, there are others who feel that it is flawed. Roger Olsen notes that both Clark Pinnock and Stanley Grenz are dissatisfied with the classical expression of that belief in Chalcedonian Christology (hypostatic union).  [36]  He once again points to the work of Stanley Grenz to illustrate this stating, Grenz argues in Theology for the Community of God (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2000) that classical Incarnational Christology falls short biblically and logically and revises it using the eschatological ontology (the future as the locus of being) of German theologian Wolfhart Pannenberg. According to Grenz, Jesus Christ is the Logos, who is not to be thought of as preexisting and then descending into human history but as revealing God and therefore belonging to the eternity of God by virtue of his resurrection.  [37]  [Emphasis is Olsens]. Olsen continues with his critique of Grenz showing how it is at variance with classical Christology. This is where the debate becomes relevant to this research with respect to the Chalcedonian formula. Olsen states, The main difference between this Christology and classical Christology [Chalcedonian] lies in its denial of a logos asarkos discarnate or preincarnate Logos or Son of God. For Grenz, Jesus Christ is the Logos, the second person of the Trinity. Whatever tensions or problems may exist in Pinnocks and Grenzs Christology, they are not so much revisions of the hypostatic union as restatements of the basic Christological vision in new terms.  [38]   The abandoning of the basic tenants of the Chalcedonian formula present some extreme difficulties, particularly in light of the doctrine of the Preexistence of Christ which was affirmed at Chalcedon. One of the issues in regard to the nature of Christ concerns his Consciousness. When did Christ come to the realization of who he was? Theologians like Myer Pearlman were more content to leave this question open stating, Just exactly when and how this self-consciousness came must remain a mystery to us. When we think of God coming to us in the form of a man we must reverently exclaim, Great is the mystery of godliness!  [39]  Erickson would say, There were within his person dimensions of experience, knowledge and love not found in human beings. We must recognize that in dealing with Christ, he was more than just a man. He had and maintained all the qualities of a divine nature and a sinless human nature as well.  [40]   Another important issue that must be addressed is that the hypostatic union is permanent and everlasting. What Christ became in the incarnation is what he shall remain eternally (Heb 2:17, 7:24).  [41]  This is a problem for the kenotic view of Christ since that in the kenotic view, according to Erickson.  [42]  Jesus is both God and man, just not at the same time. This would imply a doing away with what Jesus became in the incarnation after his ascension and glorification. Conclusion The question that this research is concerned with may be answered by saying that Gottfried Thomasiuss original view of kenosis is not completely consistent with the formula of Chalcedon and did not adequately comply with the orthodox principles of the incarnation. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Bettenson, Henry. Documents of the Christian Church ed. Henry Bettenson and Chris Maunder Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Byfield, Ted. ed., The Christians: Their First Two Thousand Years Edmonton: Christian Millennial History Project, 2002. Erickson, Millard J., Christian Theology Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 1998. Geisler, Norman L. When Skeptics Ask: a handbook on Christian Evidences Grand Rapids: Baker Publishing, 2008. 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